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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Forest Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Forest Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Лесоведение</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0024-1148</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">690968</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0024114825040039</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">hmtyfy</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Self-fertility in Scots Pine as a System for Regulating Close Relationships and Species Survival in an Adverse Environment</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Устойчивость к засухе этапов и репродуктивных стадий жизненного цикла сосны обыкновенной на юге русской равнины</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>N. F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецова</surname><given-names>Н. Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>nfsenyuk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Forest Genetics and Breeding</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт лесной генетики, селекции и биотехнологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">NO4 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">№4 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>439</fpage><lpage>450</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-21"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.com/0024-1148/article/view/690968">https://genescells.com/0024-1148/article/view/690968</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article presents data on the study of the drought resilience limits of Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the south of the East European Plain in connection with changes in the forest-steppe climate and an increase in the number and intensity of droughts. It was shown that the rate of the global warming in the 20th century was 0.11°C/10 years, while in the 21st century it became 0.35°C/10 years. The objective of the study was to determine the drought resilience limits of the Scots pine trees on different life cycle stages in the forest-steppe zone of the East European Plain. The object of the study was the northern Kaluga and Ryazan, central Voronezh and southern Belgorod pine populations growing in the ecologically favourable territory of the forest-steppe zone of the Russian Plain. As a result of studying the pine response to 6 severe droughts (early 1991 and 2007, summer 2010 and 2020, late 2014 and 2020) and an 8-year heat wave (2007—2014), the threshold of resistance of the stages was determined, which, according to the descending vector, represent the following series: ontogenesis, sporogenesis, embryogenesis, gametogenesis. The cause for the poor harvest in 2012 was the cumulative effect of two droughts on the megasporogenesis processes (2010 — in the year of the megasporogenesis initiation, 2012 — in the year of fertilisation). The impact of the 1991 drought on early embryogenesis led to a 5-fold decrease in pine yield and overall lower seed viability. The weather stress of 2010 during late embryogenesis affected such vital indicators of the future plants as growth rate, phenotypic variability, and seasonal development rhythms. It caused mass death of 1-year-old seedlings and the appearance of many morphoses and developmental deviations in 2-year-old plants. Severe droughts in 2007, 2010, 2012, 2014 during the heat wave of 2007—2014 caused destabilization and transition of pine forests to a state of semi-nonequilibrium systems. The return of pine stands to a state of equilibrium continued for three optimal years.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Приведены данные изучения предела устойчивости сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) к засухе на юге Русской равнины в связи с изменением лесостепного климата, увеличением числа и напряженности засух. Показано, что темпы потепления климата в XX веке составляли 0.11°C/10 лет, в XXI веке они повысились до 0.35°C/10 лет. Цель исследования — определить порог устойчивости этапов и стадий жизненного цикла сосны обыкновенной к засухе в лесостепной зоне Русской равнины. Объектом исследования служили северные калужская и рязанская, центральная воронежская и южная белгородская популяции сосны, произрастающие на экологически благоприятной территории лесостепной зоны Русской равнины. В результате изучения реакции сосны на 6 сильных засух (ранние 1991 и 2007 гг., летние 2010 и 2020 гг., поздние 2014 и 2020 гг.) и 8-летней тепловой волны (2007—2014 гг.) определен порог устойчивости этапов, которые по нисходящему вектору представляют следующий ряд: онтогенез, спорогенез, эмбриогенез, гаметогенез. Причиной неурожайного 2012 г. стал кумулятивный эффект воздействия двух засух на процессы мегаспорогенеза (2010 — в год инициации мегаспорогенеза, 2012 — в год оплодотворения). Воздействие засухи 1991 г. на ранний эмбриогенез привело к 5-кратному снижению урожайности сосны и нежизнеспособности семян. Погодный стресс 2010 г. во время позднего эмбриогенеза нарушил будущие растения по таким жизненно важным показателям, как быстрота роста, фенотипическая изменчивость, сезонные ритмы развития, что стало причиной массовой гибели 1-летних сеянцев и появления у 2-летних растений множества мофозов и отклонений в развитии. Сильные засухи 2007, 2010, 2012, 2014 гг. во время тепловой волны 2007—2014 гг. вызвали дестабилизацию и переход сосновых лесов в состояние слабо неравновесной системы. Возвращение сосны в равновесие продолжалось в течение трех оптимальных лет.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Scots pine</kwd><kwd>forest-steppe zone</kwd><kwd>global warming</kwd><kwd>life cycle stages</kwd><kwd>drought</kwd><kwd>resilience limits</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сосна обыкновенная</kwd><kwd>лесостепная зона</kwd><kwd>потепление климата</kwd><kwd>этапы жизненного цикла</kwd><kwd>засуха</kwd><kwd>порог устойчивости</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akimov L.M., Zadorozhnaya T.N., Osobennosti raspredeleniya trendov temperatury vozdukha na Evropeiskoi territorii Rossii i sopredel’nykh gosudarstv (Features of distribution of air temperature trends in the European areas of Russia and adjacent countries), Vestnik VGU. Ser. Geografiya. 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