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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Теоретические основы химической технологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0040-3571</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-6053</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">686512</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0040357125010061</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">tyauhr</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Non-stationarynon-stationarynon-stationary mass transfer in gel systems with graphene oxide as applied to 3d-bioprinting technologies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нестационарный массоперенос в гелевых системах с оксидом графена применительно к технологиям 3D-биопечати</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khramtsov</surname><given-names>D. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Храмцов</surname><given-names>Д. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.moshin97@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moshin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мошин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.moshin97@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pokusaev</surname><given-names>B. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Покусаев</surname><given-names>Б. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.moshin97@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nekrasov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Некрасов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.moshin97@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharov</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захаров</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.moshin97@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">MIREA – Russian Technological University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">МИРЭА – Российский технологический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский политехнический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>59</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>56</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-01"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-01"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.com/0040-3571/article/view/686512">https://genescells.com/0040-3571/article/view/686512</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The pattern of diffusion front propagation in pure agarose hydrogels as well as with the addition of graphene oxide was compared by the methods of moving boundaries and optical sensing, and the mass-transfer properties of the gel systems were measured. It was found that graphene oxide has high surface activity, becomes part of the mesh structure of the gel, increasing its porosity and thus affecting the diffusion rate and efficiency. In addition, graphene oxide contributes to the ordering of the gel structure or reduces light scattering within the gel. The combination of hydrogels with graphene oxide enables the creation of systems with controllable optical properties, which in turn opens up new opportunities for improving 3D-bioprinting technologies. Based on the random walk method, a numerical model is proposed that is well suited to describe the structures of hydrogels with graphene oxide. This model will help to determine the quality of materials in 3D-bioprinting technologies in terms of nutrient delivery efficiency for living microorganisms located inside the gel. The comparison of experimental data and numerical modeling demonstrated a good agreement between them.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Методами подвижных границ и оптического зондирования проведено сравнение закономерности распространения диффузионного фронта как в чистых агарозных гидрогелях, так и с добавлением оксида графена, и измерены массопроводные свойства гелевых систем. Установлено, что оксид графена обладает высокой поверхностной активностью, становится частью сетчатой структуры геля, влияя на скорость и эффективность диффузии. Кроме того, оксид графена способствует упорядочиванию гелевой структуры или же снижает рассеяние света внутри геля. Сочетание гидрогелей с оксидом графена позволяет создавать системы с управляемыми оптическими свойствами, что, в свою очередь, открывает новые возможности для совершенствования технологий 3D-биопечати. На основе метода случайного блуждания предложена численная модель, которая хорошо подходит для описания структур гидрогелей с оксидом графена. Данная модель позволит определять качество материалов в технологиях 3D-биопечати с точки зрения эффективности подачи питательных веществ для живых микроорганизмов, расположенных внутри геля. Сопоставление экспериментальных данных и численного моделирования продемонстрировало их значительное соответствие.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hydrogel</kwd><kwd>graphene oxide</kwd><kwd>mass transfer</kwd><kwd>moving boundary method</kwd><kwd>3D-bioprinting</kwd><kwd>spectrometry</kwd><kwd>numerical model</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гидрогель</kwd><kwd>оксид графена</kwd><kwd>массоперенос</kwd><kwd>метод подвижных границ</kwd><kwd>3D-биопечать</kwd><kwd>спектрометрия</kwd><kwd>численная модель</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский политехнический университет</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Polytechnic University</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Xu W., Jambhulkar S., Ravichandran D., Zhu Y., Kakarla M., Nian Q., Azeredo B., Chen X., Jin K., Vernon B. 3D printing– enabled nanoparticle alignment: A review of mechanisms and applications // Small. 2021. 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