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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Transactions of the St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Transactions of the St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Труды Санкт-Петербургского государственного морского технического университета</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2414-1437</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Marine Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678152</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52899/24141437_2025_02_237</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">LRDSXT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Welding, related processes and technologies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Сварка, родственные процессы и технологии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Laser and induction hardening of refractory steels</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Лазерно-индукционное термоупрочнение жаропрочных сталей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4472-2115</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3756-9277</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmetov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахметов</surname><given-names>Александр Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leading Engineer of the Technological Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий инженер технологического отдела</p></bio><email>a.akhmetov@ltc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3110-5791</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsibulskiy</surname><given-names>Igor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цибульский</surname><given-names>Игорь Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leading Research Аssociate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>igor@ltc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8946-8560</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorenko</surname><given-names>Anton O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидоренко</surname><given-names>Антон Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Engineer Materials Testing Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер отдела тестирования материалов</p></bio><email>anton-sidorenko10@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1648-4357</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Somonov</surname><given-names>Vladislav V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сомонов</surname><given-names>Владислав Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lead Engineer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий инженер</p></bio><email>vlad@ltc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Marine Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный морской технический университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Marine Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный морской технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University ITMO</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет ИТМО</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-05-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>237</fpage><lpage>244</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-04"><day>04</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-21"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Akhmetov A.D., Tsibulskiy I.A., Sidorenko A.O., Somonov V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Ахметов А.Д., Цибульский И.А., Сидоренко А.О., Сомонов В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Akhmetov A.D., Tsibulskiy I.A., Sidorenko A.O., Somonov V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ахметов А.Д., Цибульский И.А., Сидоренко А.О., Сомонов В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://genescells.com/2414-1437/article/view/678152">https://genescells.com/2414-1437/article/view/678152</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Steam turbine blade erosion during operation is a serious problem in the energy industry. Today, there are methods to prevent it; however, they have significant limitations. The laser and induction hardening technology proposed in the paper allows to mitigate erosion and significantly increase the service life of turbine blades by combining state-of-the-art process tools.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To study the capabilities of laser and induction heat sources, i.e. to create a variable deep-hardened layer in blade steel test pieces by surface hardening, and its properties (structure and hardness, test piece deformations).</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> This paper presents the experimental studies of laser and induction hardening of flat test pieces made of refractory steels 15H11MF, AISI 420, and EI961. The study was conducted during the development of a hardening technology to treat the surface of steam turbine blades made of martensitic steels to protect their leading edges from erosion.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> We obtained a single hardening zone on the leading edge and the adjacent section on the back of the test pieces with no defects, i.e. microcracking, discontinuities, and surface glazing. Hardness within the boundaries of the hardened layer on the leading edge side is at least 400 HV0.5. In this case, the hardened layer depth in the area of the leading edge is at least 5 mm and at least 2 mm in the adjacent section of the blade back. The maximum test piece deformation after strengthening is 1.2 mm.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Experiments on laser and induction hardening of flat test pieces made of refractory steels 15H11MF, AISI 420, EI961 show that this treatment is a promising method to replace conventional surface hardening of products made from these materials to protect them from erosion.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> Эрозия лопаток паровых турбин в процессе эксплуатации — существенная проблема энергетической отрасли. В настоящее время существуют способы по борьбе с ней, которые, однако, имеют существенные недостатки. Предлагаемая в статье технология лазерно-индукционного термоупрочнения дает возможность, сочетая современные технологические инструменты, нивелировать явление эрозии и существенно увеличить ресурс лопаток турбин.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы.</bold> Исследование возможностей лазерного и индукционного источников нагрева, а именно, создание переменного глубокого упрочненного слоя в образцах из лопаточной стали, путем поверхностного термуопрочнения, а также исследования его свойств (структура и твердость, деформации образцов).</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В настоящей статье представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований лазерно-индукционного термоупрочнения плоских образцов из жаропрочных сталей 15Х11МФ, 20Х13, ЭИ-961. Исследования выполнены в рамках работ по разработке технологии закалки поверхности лопаток паровых турбин из мартенситных сталей для защиты входных кромок от эрозии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Получена единая зона упрочнения на входной кромке и примыкающем участке спинки образцов без дефектов в виде микротрещин и несплошностей, без оплавления поверхности. Твердость в границах упрочненного слоя со стороны входной кромки — не менее 400 HV0.5. При этом глубина упрочненного слоя в области входной кромки составляет не менее 5 мм, а на примыкающем участке спинки лопатки — не менее 2 мм. Максимальная деформация образца после термоупрочнения не превышает 1,2 мм.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> По результатам экспериментов лазерно-индукционного термоупрочнения плоских образцов из жаропрочных сталей 15Х11МФ, 20Х13, ЭИ-961 можно заключить, что данный вид обработки является перспективным для замены традиционных способов термоупрочнения поверхности изделий, выполненных из этих материалов, в борьбе против эрозии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>laser and induction hardening</kwd><kwd>refractory steels</kwd><kwd>mechanical properties</kwd><kwd>hardening</kwd><kwd>quenching</kwd><kwd>deformation</kwd><kwd>erosion</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лазерно-индукционное термоупрочнение</kwd><kwd>жаропрочные стали</kwd><kwd>механические свойства</kwd><kwd>повышение твердости</kwd><kwd>закалка</kwd><kwd>деформации</kwd><kwd>эрозия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cook SS. 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