Memory of Colonial Crimes in Belgium

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The article explores Belgium as a case-study of the phenomenon of “colonial amnesia” in the EU. Contemporary discourse on European history includes the Holocaust and Communism as central and unifying themes, while colonialism is determined as a distinct phenomenon. Despite its official condemnation, European states attitude towards colonialism differ. The authors argue that European states tend to avoid responsibility for the colonial-era atrocities and even deny their involvement. At the same time, public discussions over the silencing of colonial crimes are fueled by research that implicates European states in (post)colonial violence and negatively impacts their reputation on the international arena. Concerns over their international image forces the European countries to publicly apologise for their past. In 2022 the subject-matter of public apologies in Belgium was colonial violence committed by Belgians against the Congolese, as well as the events of the early 1960s, which led to the murder of Congolese Prime-Minister Patrice Lumumba, allegedly condoned by the Belgian government. Under the public pressure, former colonial powers are forced to at least “turn over” the painful page of their past in order to normalize relations with the former colonies. Using critical discourse-analysis and qualitative and quantitative content-analysis, authors analyze the apologies addressed to the DRC by Belgium authorities in the period of 2002‒2022. The article concludes that these statements are meant to frame Belgium’s responsibility exclusively in terms of morality by acknowledging the “wrong moral choices”.

作者简介

A. Andreeva

Tyumen State University

Email: a.a.andreeva@utmn.ru
Candidate of Sciences (Philology), Associate Professor Tyumen, Russia

N. Drozhashchikh

Tyumen State University

Email: n.v.drozhashhikh@utmn.ru
Doctor of Sciences (Philology), Professor Tyumen, Russia

G. Nelaeva

Tyumen State University

Email: g.a.nelaeva@utmn.ru
Candidate of Sciences (Politics), Professor Tyumen, Russia

参考

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  21. Bosma U., Kolnberger, T. (2017) Military Migrants: Luxembourgers in the Colonial Army of the Dutch East Indies, Itinerario, 41(3), pp. 555‒580. doi: 10.1017/S0165115317000687
  22. Fairclough N., Wodak R. (1997) Critical discourse analysis, in van Dijk T.A. (ed.) Discourse studies. A multidisciplinary introduction, SAGE Publications, pp. 258–284.
  23. Hansen P., Jonsson S. (2014) Building Eurafrica: Reviving Colonialism through European Integration, 1920‒1960, Conference Proceedings. URL: http://aei.pitt.edu/52859/ (accessed: 31.07.2023).
  24. Hutchison Y. (2022) Performative Challenges to Belgium’s Colonial Amnesia. Mobilising Archives and Resonant Spaces, in Fraiture P.-Ph. (ed.) Unfinished Histories: Empire and Postcolonial Resonance in Central Africa and Belgium, Leuven University Press, Leuven, Belgium, pp. 121–138. doi: 10.1353/book.103914
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  27. Mamdani M. (2001) When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691193830
  28. Manners I. (2002) Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), pp. 235‒258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353
  29. Moumen A. (2010) De l'Algérie à la France. Les conditions de départ et d'accueil des rapatriés, pieds-noirs et harkis en 1962, Matériaux pour l’histoire de notre temps, 99(3), pp. 60‒68. doi: 10.3917/mate.099.0060
  30. Nicolaïdis K., Sèbe B. (2014) Echoes of Colonialism: The Present of Europe's Past, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
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  33. Sierp A. (2020) EU Memory Politics and Europe’s Forgotten Colonial Past, Interventions, 22(6), pp. 686‒702. doi: 10.1080/1369801X.2020.1749701
  34. Stanard M. (2023) The Leopard, the Lion, and the Cock: Colonial Memories and Monuments in Belgium, Leuven University Press, Leuven, Belgium. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbtzks3
  35. Tlostanova M. (2021) Beyond Conservatism and Radicalism? A Decolonial Glimpse into the Posttruth World, in Etieyibo E., Katsaura O., Musemwa M. (ed.) Africa’s Radicalisms and Conservatisms, Brill, Leiden, Netherlands, pp. 11‒30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004445079_002
  36. Van Assche J., Roets A., Haesevoets T., Noor M. (2021) “Sorry for Congo, let’s make amends”: Belgians’ ideological worldviews predict attitudes towards apology and reparation for its colonial past, International Review of Social Psychology, 34(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.486
  37. Van Dijk T.A. (2000) Ideology: a Multidisciplinary Approach, SAGE Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446217856
  38. Verleye Z. (2021) The Lumumba Commission (1999‒2002): Shame, Guilt, and the Post-Imperial Self, Millennium, 50(1), pp. 3–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298211050954

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